A bit about political views... well, I guess to start, as a country they're a bit more left-leaning than Americans. One of the main moving forces in France is the unions. Actually, if you live there for any length of time, you'll notice that right away, because there's always a chance you're going to wake up and try to get to school or work on the bus, only to find out that they're on strike... AGAIN. Happens to a lot of things. Trains, buses, trash pickup (that was fun), automotive workers, dairy farmers, etc. 'La grève' is a big factor in French life.
Um, what else. So far as religion is concerned, because France has had really close dealing with the Catholic church over the centuries, the current policy toward religion is one called
laïcité, or secularism, which is a lot more harsh than ours here. This is where that whole Muslim head-scarf controversy came from (well, that and a bit of racism). Kids aren't allowed to wear any kind of religious garment or icon in school, because school is a public institution. So no crosses, no shirts with the Buddha on them, no headscarves, etc. And the French are mostly okay with this, because religious Frenchmen are becoming rarer and rarer as time goes by. Last I heard, something like 50% of the French considered themselves to be atheists or agnostics. Though I might be wrong about that, so don't use that figure like it's fact.
The French also have way more active political parties than we do here.
Here's a list. And every one of those gets some number of votes each election, and depending on the current political climate, they all could end up with parliamentary seats or even the presidency. The French are way more active politically, as well. It's not rude to bring up politics into polite conversation over there. Religion, yes, but politics, no.
Uh, what else. They're proud of their heritage. And actually (and this is just my point of view; I'm sure some French people would think differently), they can be somewhat xenophobic. I read an article a while back in
Le Monde, written by a French-Arab, basically detailing the kind of bullshit he has to deal with because of his race. He had trouble getting an apartment, people call him ethnic slurs as he walks down the street, he has to set up interviews via telephone because people can't believe an Arab could be a writer for such a prestigious newspaper, etc. etc. It seems to stem mostly from the French wanting to keep their country's culture pure, and the tensions that thus result from all the Arabic refugees piling up into Europe. The French actually right now are pushing their culture worldwide through
L'Institut de la francophonie in an effort to offset the influence of American culture (which is predominating in some areas even in France... particularly in the film industry, which pisses some people over there off to no end). So there actually currently is a kind of culture war between the French and the Americans, though you'd never know it. But anyway, the point is that the stereotypical proud Frenchman does indeed exist.
Speaking of which, no one but old Frenchman wear berets anymore. It's out of style. Cigarettes aren't, though, except now it's illegal in France to smoke in public buildings, which put a damper on the whole coffeehouse industry.
I don't know. I could go on for a while yet, but does that help get you started, maybe?
So far as 'popular phrases' are concerned... well, they're not the same everywhere. Where I lived (Franche Comté, which is in the foothills of the Alps), everybody started practically every sentence with
en fait. I guess one thing you should know in general is that the French language doesn't like absolute statements very much. When you argue, you want to avoid saying things like "It must be so," or "The only logical conclusion," or what have you. I learned this from my writing instructor, who told us that the perfect French essay ends with a lead in to a new possible topic of discussion. Which is totally opposite what we do in America, which is to end with a definite conclusion. So another popular phrase you might want to include is "
Je dirais que..." (I would say that...), because it alleviates the definitiveness of the statement following it. And I heard that one all over the place as well.
Aside from that... look up French curses, would be my advice.
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I only say that because there's a certain Fin who inhabits these forums who you could glean a lot of information from.
PS: I found it!
http://www.amazon.fr/Evidences-invis...3256771&sr=1-1
And I'm not sure, but this looks like it might be the English version:
http://www.amazon.com/Cultural-Misun...3256890&sr=1-1